Friday, December 27, 2019

The Use Of Recombinant Dna For Science And Medicine

Introduction The use of recombinant DNA technology has been a huge advancement to science. In the early 1970s the first recombinant DNA was produced (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013). Researchers Stanley Cohen and Hebert Boyer used restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, and then fused them back together to form their recombinant vector (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013; Cederbaum, S., et al., 1984). Through transformation the vector is then inserted into a host cell to amplify their hybrid DNA, also known as recombinant DNA (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013). This technology allowed scientists to insert a human gene into the genetic material of common bacteria. This was a huge break through for science and medicine. Now the recombinant DNA could be used to produce protein encoded by the human gene (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013; Cederbaum, S., et al., 1984). The first protein to be synthesized from recombinant DNA technology was human insulin (Tuohy, P., 2013). To do this the human insulin gene was inserted into a plasmid, which had previously been cut by restriction enzymes. After the insulin sequence was added into the plasmid, the plasmid was then transformed into bacteria to amplify the insulin sequence (Tuohy, P., 2013). The new recombinant bacteria are then induced, and the bacteria produce more of the insulin. The insulin is then harvested and purified, so that it can be used to treat diabetes (Tuohy, P., 2013). Before insulin was produced through genetic engineering, it had to be obtained fromShow MoreRelatedThe Human Of Recombinant Bacteria1649 Words   |  7 PagesRecombinant bacteria is a bacterium cell that has had its genome changed, by the alteration, or edition of a gene. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially prepared by cutting DNA into smaller fragments and joining fragments together, that would not normally be found together naturally- even fragments taken from different organisms.( Principles of Gene Manipulation sixth edition, S.B. Primrose, R.M. Twyman and R.W. Old ) DNA can be cut using the enzyme Restriction endonuclease, which recognisesRead MorePublic Engagement, Democratizing Science Or Nightmare?1245 Words   |  5 PagesBiohacking: public engagement, democratizing science - or nightmare? â€Å"Do-it-yourself biology† or â€Å"DIY biology† is a social movement rooted in the idea of citizen science. Usually called biohacking, emphasizing the relationship with hacker culture, this form of public engagement in science has been the subject of controversy since its inception. The word hacking, usually associated with information technology, is a term used for the development of creative solutions for a problem by someone in aRead MoreRecent Uses of DNA Technology Essays1020 Words   |  5 PagesRecent Uses of DNA Technology DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. ThisRead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreGenetically Altering Our Future Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pageshuman—genome. Tremendous advancements in understanding the human genome trace back to Gregor Mendel’s cross breeding of pea plants, and have delved even deeper with the Human Genome project. While the research into recombinant DNA, introducing gene sequencing into originally created DNA strands in orders that would not occur naturally, has gone on for over thirty years, the societal disagreements and disdain towards the idea of cloning and other ‘morally corrupt’ forms of genetic alteration have raisedRead MoreThe Benefits of Ge netic Engineering Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy that must be defined are the following: recombinant DNA technology, cloning, gene therapy, and the humane genome project. Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic material by direct intervention in the genetic processes with the purpose of producing new substances or improving functions of existing organisms. According to Gale’s Science of Everyday things, â€Å"it is a very young, exciting, and controversial branch of the biological sciences.† Genetic engineering has been used almostRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Technique Of Producing Recombinant Hybrid Dna By Combining Two Different Strands Of Dna1731 Words   |  7 PagesAhad Memon for proof reading my paper. Abstract Genetic engineering is the technique of producing recombinant hybrid DNA by combining two different strands of DNA. The fundamental concept of genetic engineering is gene cloning; the technique of altering the genetic structure of an organism. Gene cloning has four basic processes, namely cutting : the process of isolating the required starnd of DNA, modification : the process of altering the ends of the strand so that they could be attached to anotherRead MoreThe Discovery, Process, And Applications Of Transgenic Bacteria1416 Words   |  6 PagesTransgenic bacteria, or genetically modified bacteria, is a type of recombinant DNA organism which uses bacteria as the host for inserting an exogenous gene. This biotechnology has been most widely utilized in medication with a great contribution to the progress of today’s medical science and pharmacy. This research paper introduces the discovery, process, and applications of transgenic bacteria. Furthermore, its advantages, disadva ntages, and future directions will also be discussed. In 1953,Read MoreGene Therapy And Delivery Methods1245 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Each human body consists of net numbers of genes in which half of genes are defective in nature. We do not suffer any injurious effects from that defective genes as we carry two copies of DNA that carries two copies of the specific gene present in somatic cells. The gene which is likely to be harmful is recessive gene so if we inherit two copies of recessive gene from our parent, then disease will occur ( Carroll, 2011).Now days every year noticeable children are born with geneticRead MoreIs the Use of Transgeneric Organisms Essential to the Advancement of Therapeutic Medicine?1315 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Genetic modification is currently at the forefront of modern science and is being utilised in various fields such as medicine, agriculture and industry. Genetically Modified or transgenic organisms are organisms that have been genetically altered in a specific way for a particular purpose. It is now possible for scientists to exchange genes from one species of organism to another. This process is performed when certain characteristics of one organism are desired in another organism

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Sample Literature Review - 2561 Words

Adolescent Eating Disorders and Attachment Araceli Hogg amp; Zeynep Cifci University of Houston Adolescent Eating Disorders and Attachment Eating Disorders (ED) negatively affect 25% of adolescents. It is a disorder that compiles abnormal eating habits that includes either excessive or insufficient food intake. These abnormal eating habits can definitely affect the individuals physical and mental health. Different factors are presume to be correlated with eating disorders in adolescents. Some examples consist of depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, low self-esteem, role of attachment, parental relationships, etc (Gossens, Braet, Bosmans, amp; Decaluwà ©, 2011). In the present paper, an examination of the role of attachment that†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, deficits of parental attachments were linked with different types of adolescent psychopathology on clinical groups, which induces to support the findings in the study. Regarding seeking proximity, half of the group with eating disorders claimed that since the disorder was identified, they developed a closer relationship with their mothers. Th e findings proposed that the disorder served as a mean to obtain closeness in order to satisfy the mothering hunger for the emotionally unsatisfied adolescent (Orzolek-Kronner, 2002). One limitation to this study is the reliability of self-present measures reported by adolescents. Another limitation is that this study focuses only on females and their relationships with their mothers. Next, the topic of attachment in relation to eating disorders is projected using ex post facto study method, which refers to something occurs after the fact. In the research article by Cunha, Relvas and Soares (2009), the differences of family perceptions related to eating disorders are inspected. The main focus was to distinguish detected family characteristics between females with anorexia nervosa and females with no eating pathology. The sample consisted of 34 females with anorexia nervosa and 34 females with no eating pathology. It is predicted that family perceptions are related to the methods they seek for solutions during detrimental family conflicts. Family resilience has an enormousShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review Sample10727 Words   |  43 Pagesunderstanding and knowledge? weiver erutaretil a gnioD What are the major issues and debates about the topic? What are the political standpoints? What are the key sources? What are the origins and definitions of the topic? Literature search and review on your topic How is knowledge on the topic structured and organized? What are the key theories, concepts and ideas? What are the epistemological and ontological grounds for the discipline? What are the main questions and problems thatRead MoreChapter 2 Review of Related Literature Sample1295 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES FOREIGN STUDIES In its broadest sense, impeachment is the process by which public officials may be removed from office on the basis of their conduct. Strictly speaking, it is the decision by a legislature to accuse an official of one or more offenses that warrant removal according to constitutional standards. A vote to impeach then triggers a trial based on those charges. The most famous impeachment proceedings have involved presidents, butRead MoreThe Development Of App Preceptors Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus of the evidence in this literature review is to explore the need for and the development of APP preceptors to aid in new hire transition to practice, with a focus on CRNA preceptors. The review will begin broadly by presenting the evidence that supports the need for preceptor program development due to the common themes identified by novice APPs. Then, the need for preceptor development will be discussed. Finally, the review will conclude with current evidence that preceptor deve lopmentRead MoreApplication Of App Preceptor Programs Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus of the evidence of this literature review is to explore the need for of APP preceptor programs to aid in new hire transition to practice. The review will begin broadly by presenting the evidence that supports the need for preceptor program implementation due to common themes identified by novice APPs. Then, the need for preceptor development will be discussed. Finally, the review will conclude with current evidence that preceptor development is not only needed, but is effective in bridgingRead MoreLiterature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pages Literature Review Article Critique Jocelyn Claudio Widener University September 25, 2016 Overview The authors of this literature review evaluated studies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their mental and physical health as older adults. They collected findings from 23 studies that were published between 1996 through 2011 and concluded that childhood trauma did in fact have negativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Article Writing Style1068 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization was not clearly delineated. There was an ineffective use of headings. The research question and population sampling were embedded within the text which required the reader to search for these items. There was no Literature Review heading. The review of the literature was discussed within the Introduction section. References were listed throughout the research article. Terms or â€Å"jargon† used was defined and related to public internet social network programs. Definitions were also includedRead MoreComparision Matrix1517 Words   |  7 Pagesread empirical studies can help doctoral learners manage time more effectively (GCU Lecture 2, 2012 p. 1). In this paper, one will find a complete comparison of three articles that will review the different forms of research questions posed for the studies, sample populations used, the limitations, literature review, study conclusions, and recommendations for further research. Article one analyzed Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter, written by Bradley WrightRead MoreA Qualitative Research Methods For Public Service Course847 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is flexible in order to study the group within its own environment (2014). The last of the three designs is case study research design. Case study involves collecting data from a sample of a larger group of similar background within a designated time frame (Baskarada, 2014). The results obtained from the sample group, theoretically represents a larger group of similar background (2014). Case study research design can be used for both qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative researchRead MoreResearch Study On The Field Of Specialisation1473 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause it is recent, relevant to the research question and conducted in United Kingdom. Aveyard (2014) states that the critique and detailed analysis of an article for review is an important step to addressing the author’s objective for the review. Study Purpose The study’s aim was to assess understanding of UK weaning guidelines in a sample of UK mothers and to ascertain the various sources of weaning advice accessed by first time mothers in the UK (Moore et al, 2014). Parahoo (2014) states that theRead MoreThe Content Management System ( Cms ) Usage1153 Words   |  5 Pagesthe journal titled Information Technology and Libraries (ITAL). ITAL is the official scholarly peer reviewed journal of the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). This journal reviews and publishes articles in the following areas related to library automation, the Internet and other aspects of information technology (American Library Association, 2015). The purpose of this study was to â€Å"examine Content Management System (CMS)

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Ground Level Ozone Regulations Essay Example For Students

Ground Level Ozone Regulations Essay What: In 1997 the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)established new ozone standards. The EPA also placed specialrestrictions on twenty-two states in the Ohio Valley and Midwestregions to prevent emissions from coal-burning power plants frombeing carried into the New England States by wind currents. (Tennessee is one of these twenty-two states.) Both of theserulings were recently either struck down or placed on hold byFederal Appeals Courts. Why: The regulations put into place in 1997 by the EPA weremore restrictive than the 1990 standards. The regulations limitthe amount of ground level ozone and fine particle pollutionpermitted. Ground level ozone is produced by nitrogen oxide(NOx)which is created by burning fossil fuels. Since gasoline anddiesel are both fossil fuels, then NOx is a major component ofautomobile emissions. Several members of the trucking and fossilfuel industries, as well as members of the twenty-two stateregion, have challenged the regulations in Federal Court and havebeen successful in blocking the implementation of the new rules. In the past two months, two separate Federal Court Of Appealspanels have ruled that the EPA’s authority to establish clean airstandards is not properly delegated by Congress under the CleanAir Act. Therefore, since the EPA is a part of the Executivebranch of government and not the Legislative, they have noauthority to produce regulations on their own. The plaintiffs i nthe case also argued that the amount of pollution a person cantolerate has not been established and until it is the EPA shouldnot make the current regulations more restrictive. How: The main actors in this event are the AmericanTrucking Associations and their fellow plaintiffs, the twenty-twostate coalition, the EPA, and the Federal Appeals Court. Why would the American Trucking Associations and otherfossil fuel burning industries want to limit the EPA’s authority? What do they have to gain? Last year, according to the EPA’s ownpress release detailing their enforcement efforts in fiscal year1998, the EPA referred 266 criminal cases to the Department ofJustice, as well as 411 civil court cases. Approximately half ofthe civil cases required violators to change the way they managetheir facilities or to reduce their emissions or discharges. TheEPA also assessed almost $93 million dollars in criminal finesand another $92 million in civil penalties. In addition to finesand penalties, polluters spent over $2 billion dollars to correctviolations. Not included in this estimate would be the legalexpenses incurred or the advertising and marketing costs requiredto mend a damaged pubic relations image. Clearly it is in theindustries’ best financial interest if the regulations are lessrestrictive. Many companies that sp ent large amounts of money tomeet the 1990 Clean Air Act standards would have to spend evenmore to meet the amended 1997 standards. Do the states in the twenty-two state region have anotherreason to argue against the standards? According to SeanCavanagh’s article in the April 4, 1999 edition of theChattanooga Times/Free Press, Atlanta lost $700 million infederal roads money as a result of failing to come up with apollution containment plan. In addition, the state of Georgiahad to fund a state â€Å"superagency† to develop and enforce transitplans that meet federal standards. The states joined theindustrial groups in claiming that the new standards are toostrict and are unnecessary. Chattanooga is not expected to meetthe new requirements by the year 2000 deadline and ChattanoogaMayor Kensey and Tennessee Governor Sundquist were two of thepublic officials who protested the new standards as being toostrict. .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .postImageUrl , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:hover , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:visited , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:active { border:0!important; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:active , .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48 .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6dbbbc8c3ce0e60a6fcf6dd616370a48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The natural and human sciences EssayAre the new standards too strict? How does the EPAdetermine the required levels? According to the press releaseissued by the EPA following the court’s decision, the FederalCourts are not questioning â€Å"the science and process conducted bythe EPA justifying the setting of new, more protectivestandards.† The EPA claims that their standards, which aredesigned to limit the affects that smog and soot have on peoplewith respiratory problems, protect 125 million Americansincluding 35 million children. The Federal Courts only haveissue with the constitutionality of certain parts of the CleanAir Act that allow the EPA to establis h clean air regulations inthe interest of public health. The EPA is recommending that theDepartment of Justice appeal the ruling to the US Supreme Court. Several interest groups are closely watching the case. Thepowerful industrial and truckers lobby groups are supporting theplaintiffs, while several environmental lobby groups and healthassociations, such as the American Lung Association, aresupporting the EPA’s efforts. All interest groups haveapparently been relatively quiet so far since the issue is acourt case and most are probably afraid of being accused oftrying to influence the courts decision. If the issue gets a newlife in Congress then obviously the lobbyist will be more active. Opinion: Who gets what, when and how. The EPA is trying toestablish new clean air requirements to take effect in the year2000 by using the public health clause of the Clean Air Act. Theplaintiffs are trying to avoid having to spend more money to meetthe requirements by 2000 by arguing that the public health clauseis unconstitutional. What is the federal government’s stand on the issue. WhiteHouse press secretary Joe Lockhart claimed that they are â€Å"deeplydisappointed† by the courts decision. Considering that theliberals are generally supportive of environmental issues this isnot surprising, but what about the conservatives? Republicansare usually more protective of business interest. More strict laws on environmental issues will cause fewer new companies tostart-up. This would of course have an adverse affect on theeconomy. It should be noted that the two judges who voted on theside of the plaintiffs in both of these case were Reaganappointees and therefore probably conservatives. Is it fair for the EPA to impose new strict standards onlyseven years after instituting sweeping changes in clean airregulations? Many companies are probably still paying for thenew programs they implented to help meet the previous standards. Fair or not these standards are probably necessary. Ground levelozone contributes significantly to smog. Smog, according to aneditorial by the Chattanooga Times’ Harry Austin on May 20,1999,in turn affects not only our health, but also crop andforest loss, acid rain and fog production, and increases regionalhaze. If there are so many important benefits to reducing groundlevel ozone then why is the public so silent on the matter? Probably for two reasons. First, confusion with atmosphericozone. The ozone surrounding the Earth blocks out radiation fromthe sun. Ground level ozone traps in fine particles. The holein the Earth’s ozone layer makes the evening news. Smog alsomakes the evening news, but very little is ever said about theco ntribution made to it by ground level ozone. Many Americansprobably just consider more ozone a good thing, but it’s not ifit’s not in the right place. Secondly, in an article written byJeff Dean for the Associated Press a survey was cited that statedthat Americans are discouraged by the Earth’s environmentalproblems and are beginning to feel there is nothing that can bedone, therefore why even worry about it. The EPA is trying to dosomething about our problems and is meeting with resistance fromindustrial and transportation groups. If the Supreme Court doesnot overturn the lower court’s ruling and reinstate the newregulations then millions of Americans will continue to sufferthe effects of smog. If the court rules the regulations voidbecause they are not properly delegated by Congress then thefloodgates will open on lawsuits against numerous suchregulations. If an already unproductive Congress is forced tocreate all of their own regulations then the count ry will come toa stand still. If, however, these regulations are created atrandom without proper Congressional supervision then a mainportion of our system of checks and balances will be voided. Acompromise must me attained. .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 , .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .postImageUrl , .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 , .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:hover , .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:visited , .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:active { border:0!important; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:active , .u7e4f99 bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; po sition: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179 .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e4f99bb588aae66e18d36994506d179:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination Essay

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Welfare Essay Paper Example For Students

Welfare Essay Paper Social Structure This essay will begin by describing the three spheres that tie society together. The main institution of society is the family or household which is broken up into thousands of units. Secondly, it will discuss the economic institution and its ties to the family. The use of labour power and how that effects the power struggle with the capitalist marketplace will also be discussed. Lastly, the political institution of government will be shown along with its relationships to the family and the familys ability to create reform and change regulation. One of the main institutions in society in the household or family. It is here that almost all the consumption in society takes place. It is also here that almost all the labour power in society originates. The make-up of the family is not as cut and dry as it once was. The nuclear family is dead and what has replaced it has put all old theories about the family to the test. One major change has been the rise of the dual-earn er family. In 70% of households today there is no single breadwinner. Womens position in the family has been changed radically from that of one-hundred years ago. Three important issues have been raised about womens position in the family. One is that the development of gender inequality within the family is a result of the changing economy. This being the extra accumulation of property in private households. The second issue is that capitalism being the only form of economy we are familiar with pushes for the working of every family member to create a strong economy. Lastly, the evolution of the family dispersed from economic development and instead become a more social issue. Because the position of women in the family has been so altered from past history, projections made, even forty years ago, are increasingly wrong. Though, even with the changing structure of the family the economic labour power has not significantly increased. The role of housewife in the post-industrial age was just as important to women as todays dual earning household. The housewife was the counter-part to the husbands role of breadwinner. It was the wife who cleaned the husbands clothes, prepared his food and provided emotional support, without which he could not fulfill his role as breadwinner. With the evolution of the labor market and capitalist economy with the ever-increasing consumption of the family unit the homemaker was called to enter the workforce. In 1901 only 12% of Canadian women were economically active, however, in 1961 there were 29.5% economically active. This percentage has gotten exponentially bigger with time. In 1981, 54% of women with dependent children were economically active. We will write a custom essay on Welfare Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another facet of the economic family unit is reproduction. The goal of the family unit is to produce children, which in turn expands the labor force, which creates a larger economic base. In Canadian families the emphasis is on quality not quantity and because of this there are gaps in the unskilled labour force. It is only through immigration that the capitalist economy has been able to keep up with the demand for cheap unskilled labour. So the value of labor power is determined outside capitalism, in non-capitalist units that maintain and reproduce labor powerfamilies. Corporations produce wealth in the form of goods and services and a can last well beyond an individual life span. Capitalism is a powerful institution with holds on the economy, political state and family as well. The payment of wages allows the corporations to grow and continue to produce goods and exploit workers. (Bailey, 1974:127)Families consume. In the modern era, most families are not units of production and c onsumption, mainly just consumption. They do not accumulate wealth, but simply take the wage and spend it on commodities that satisfy their needs. As Karl Marx put it, if I exchange a commodity labour power for money, buy a commodity for it and satisfy my need, then the act is at an end. (Smith, 1982:29) Families have a limited life span, related to the cycle of growth and decline of individual family members. The family, unless it has property, will inevitably decline to be replaced or reborn in new formations down the generations. Wages earned allow families to survive and reproduce labour power, in the form of children. It is the children that will outlive the family and become the new labour power. .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .postImageUrl , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:hover , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:visited , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:active { border:0!important; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:active , .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9 .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e3b7b510ce42e20b85da0f516988ab9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Direct-Mail Advertising EssayWorking for wages allows those with economic activity to support the non-wage-earning members of the household, young and old, caring and dependent. In the spirit of support the family acts with altruism to aid reproduction and in turn this aids the reproduction of the capitalist enterprise. (Smith, 1982: 105) Marx put it like this :The maintenance and reproduction of the working-class is, as must ever be, a necessary condition to the reproduction of capital. But the capitalist may safely leave its fulfillment to the laborers instincts of self-preservation and of propagation. (Smith, 1982:106)If Marx is correct in his ideology then the family w ill be forever in the service of the controllers of the economic and political states. Already the family is related to these two institutions in a number of ways. The economy and household/family are separated easily in the modern era. As already stated above, the family of today is primarily a consumption unit, while the economic state is filled with units of production and consumption as well, it produces wages and employment. Other creations of economy are; capitalist welfare programs (company housing, welfare, pension programs), corporate taxes and employer contributions. (Dickinson/Russell, 1986:13)The familys main tie to the economic state is through labour power. Jack Wayne, in his essay The function of Social Welfare in a Capitalist Economy writes:The reproduction of labor power is, however, private; it generally takes place outside the jurisdiction of capital, in families and households, and is separated from the circuit of capital. The use value of labour power is, of course, of interest to the capitalist, but processes and undertakings determine it. The only point of intervention available to the capitalist is the wage. (Dickinson/R ussell, 1986:79)It is the wage that ties the economic state and family together, and allows the corporations or as Marx calls them capitalists to harness the labour power for their own needs. There is only one form of labour that is not totally governed by the capitalist market and that is domestic labour. A very low level of division of labor characterizes domestic labour. The same person (usually the housewife) does a range of activities which, in the social spheres are carried out by specialists. Some examples of this are catering, education and health businesses. Secondly the products of domestic labor do not have to be sold on the market for the labor to be recognized at useful. This makes domestic labour a non-market production. Lastly the labour-power is not offered on a market and therefor makes up non-waged labour (housework is non-paid). (Gouverneur, 1983:7) Closely tied in with the economic state is the political state. The taxes from the economic market feed the collecti ve consumption of the government and legislation and boards from the government provide occupational health and safety standards. The government also provides a stabling influence on the changing economy. As far as the family is concerned the State provides redistribution of transfer payments and substitute wage programs. The government also strengthens the social welfare net and provides charity and philanthropy to those in need. Labour market regulation allows the regulation of child labour laws and gives more bargaining power to families and wage earners. One major form of this is the ability to strike and discuss minimum wage legislation. (Dickinson/Russell, 1986: 17) Saskatchewan, under the first socialist government in North America the CCF, was the first to give wage-earners the right to go on strike in 1944. It took Ontario twenty years to give its provincial residents the same right. Households and families units of ,individual consumption, use this increase in labour power to provide more taxes, if not out of the good of their hearts then for government stability, to the political state. Thus, the family unit helps balance the power struggle the government has with the ever increasing economic sphere in a symbiotic relationship. In The State and the Maintenance of Patriarchy: A case study of family, labor and welfare legislation in Canada, Jane Ursel writes:An important role of the state in class societies is to ensure a balanced allocation of labor and non-labor resources between the two spheres of production and reproduction so that the system is maintained both in the long and short term. The state is the guarantor of the rules of class and the rules of patriarchy and must insure that one system does not disrupt the other. (Dickinson/Russell, 1986:154)The government uses its control to regulate and perpetuate the status quo and the family is a part of that. However, she does not believe that the patriarchal system is all-bad. She continues to writ e:Patriarchy is important because the state cannot (inspire of some ill-fated attempts) legislates procreation. It must instead set up a system via family, property and marriage laws, which will serve to translate social and economic requirements into compelling household imperatives. The characteristic feature of familial patriarchy is its pronatalist dynamic. This results from the nature of the interaction between class and patriarchy which creates a determinant relation between productivity and procreation at the household level.(Dickinson/Russel, 1986:157)the family can change these regulations as well. According to what has been discussed so far the definition of a family would be a non-capitalist unit in which the maintenance and reproduction of labor power takes place. (Bailey, 1974: 34) The Websters Dictionary describes a family as a group of related things or people. (1990) However, the Canadian government defines the family as now-married couple (with or without never-marr ied sons and/or daughters of either or both spouses), a couple living common law (again with or without never-married sons and/or daughters of either or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one never-married son or daughter living in the same dwelling. (Statistics Canada, 1994:10)Because the governments definition of family lets several groups that may still be considered families slip through the cracks, this gives bargaining power to the family unit yet again to change government regulation. The Canadian government still does not recognize it sex couples, three generations living in the same household and individuals living apart from spouses and children. In 1991, 424,950 individuals aged 18-25 lived with non-relatives, in institutions, or by themselves. This represents over 20% of the age group. (Statistics Canada, 1994:19)One aspect of the political sphere that the family continually challenges is gender equality. Starting with the latter part of the nineteenth century where waves of feminist protest began throughout the western world. Women organized in groups starting at the family level and gaining support from other womens groups. One of the first cases early feminists argued before the government was their collective right to vote. As early as 1916 in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba women were given the right to vote, this increased the families power with swaying the political sphereit essentially doubled it. (Wilson. 1982:119)The womens movement appeared to lose its momentum after women gained the right to vote. But although womens groups were no longer held together by a single goal. They continued to fight for womens rights on several fronts. The YWCA and Canadian Business and Professional Women remained active in support of womens issues. However, it wasnt until the 1960s that the movement regained its previous strength. (Wilson, 1982:125) Women in families are not the only ones who have argued with the politic al sphere and won some political rights. Some Gay families or same-sex couples have won the right to adopt children and in some American states get married. .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .postImageUrl , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:hover , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:visited , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:active { border:0!important; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:active , .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970 .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a6eec5553f7d207a5bf1e889f895970:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men EssayThe Modern family depends heavily on the all the institutions of society for support. Where in the past the family was independent, now it needs the bonds created through long access to each sphere either political or economic. The labour power generated by the family unit gives it he bargaining power to compete head to head with the ever growing and dominant labour market and government bureaucracy. But because the family is the smallest group and is based on individual consumption it can seem over-taxed when dealing with mighty corporations and large political states. However, in the global market-place the power lies in the hands of those that control the labour and the consumption. Currently, the family institution relies on the economy and political state, but as the bargaining for labour power continues the family is emerging as the dominant force. As new evolutions of families are being allowed to participate in our culture, more power will create more labour and more reproduction. It is a basic fact that history repeats itself, maybe the family will gain the dominant role it had before the industrial revolution and mercantilism. Words/ Pages : 2,160 / 24